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Active suspension can take into account the smoothness and handling stability of the car, while in the traditional passive suspension design, smoothness and handling stability are often difficult to take into account, and generally have to take a compromise approach.When the load quality changes or road conditions change, the active suspension can ...
IVI can realize a series of applications including 3D navigation, real-time road conditions, IPTV, assisted driving, fault detection, vehicle information, body control, mobile office, wireless communication, online-based entertainment functions and TSP services, which greatly enhance the level of vehicle electronics, networking and intelligence. Ne...
The power system of a car is the whole process of mechanical arrangement in which the power generated by the engine is transmitted to the wheels through a series of power transmissions. The engine runs, in fact, the crankshaft is rotating, and one end of the crankshaft ...

The Complete Guide to CR1620 Battery Equivalents & Smart Replacements
The CR1620 is a 3V lithium manganese dioxide (Li-MnO?) coin cell battery found in key fobs, calculators, medical devices, and CMOS memory backup. When it fails, finding the right equivalent involves matching physical dimensions (16mm diameter × 2.0mm height), voltage (3V), and capacity (∼70mAh). This guide covers direct replacements, cross-compatible alternatives, and critical selection factors to ensure your devices stay powered reliably.
Direct CR1620 Equivalent Models
These batteries match the CR1620’s specifications exactly and are true drop-in replacements:
· CR-1620/BN (Panasonic): Identical specs; compliant with RoHS/Reach standards. Widely used in automotive keys and electronics.
· 6620101501 (VARTA): 70mAh capacity, 3V output, and identical dimensions. Ideal for industrial applications like sensors.
· DL1620, ECR1620, GPCR1620: Branded equivalents from Duracell, Energizer, and GP. Verify capacity (≥70mAh) and temperature range (-30°C to 60°C).
?? Pro Tip: Always check for "CR1620" or "1620" in the model number—this confirms dimensional compatibility.
Size-Compatible Alternatives (With Caveats)
If exact equivalents are unavailable, these options may fit but require evaluation:
Battery Model |
Dimensions (mm) |
Capacity |
Compatibility Notes |
CR1616 |
16 × 1.6 |
∼50mAh |
Thinner; fits slots with spring contacts. Capacity is 30% lower—expect shorter life. |
CR1632 |
16 × 3.2 |
∼120mAh |
Same diameter but thicker. Only fits if the compartment has >1.2mm extra height. Higher capacity extends service life. |
Real-World Example: Honda/Acura key fobs designed for CR1616 often accept CR1620 or CR1632. Upgrading to CR1620 extended battery life from 1.5 years to 3+ years in user tests.
Electrical Equivalents (Same Voltage/Capacity, Different Size)
These 3V batteries share electrical specs but differ in size—use only with adapters or modified holders:
· CR2016 (20mm × 1.6mm): Matches voltage/capacity but larger diameter. Requires spacer for secure contact.
· CR2032 (20mm × 3.2mm): Higher capacity (∼225mAh). Ideal for power-hungry devices if physical fit is addressed.
?? Warning: Never force-insert ill-fitting batteries—risk short-circuiting or damaging contacts!
Key Selection Criteria for CR1620 Replacements
Capacity & Lifespan:
o Standard CR1620: 70mAh (lasts 1–3 years in key fobs).
o Premium brands (Panasonic, VARTA) offer up to 170mAh—verify datasheets.
Temperature Resilience:
o Ensure operation within -30°C to 60°C for automotive/outdoor use.
Certifications & Safety:
o Prioritize RoHS-compliant, mercury-free cells.
o Avoid non-compliant batteries lacking over-discharge protection.
Brand Variance:
o Renata, Maxell, and Sony produce equivalents with minor weight (1.2g vs. 1.3g) or lifecycle differences (e.g., "End of Life" vs. "Active").
Application-Specific Recommendations
· Car Key Fobs (e.g., Mazda, Honda): Use CR-1620/BN or CR1632 for extended longevity.
· Motherboard BIOS/CMOS: Stick to exact CR1620 specs—voltage spikes risk data loss.
· Wearables & Sensors: Opt for heat-resistant Li-MnO? variants for stable performance.
Final Tips for Choosing the Right Equivalent
· Confirm physical fit: Measure compartment height—even 0.5mm matters!
· Check expiration dates: Lithium coin cells lose 1–2% capacity annually. Use freshest stock.
· When in doubt: CR-1620/BN (Panasonic) or VARTA’s 6620101501 are safest 1:1 swaps.
?? Did You Know? Storing CR1620 batteries at 15–25°C extends shelf life to 10 years! Avoid humidity to prevent corrosion.
By matching size, voltage, and context-specific needs, you can seamlessly replace CR1620 batteries without compromising device integrity. When alternatives are used strategically (e.g., CR1632 for higher capacity), they can outperform the original—proving that smart equivalency is more than just a specs game.
CR1620 Battery: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What does "CR" in CR1620 mean?
A: The prefix indicates chemistry and shape:
· C: Lithium chemistry (Li-MnO?)
· R: Round (coin/button cell)
· 1620: 16mm diameter, 2.0mm height.
Q2: What are direct CR1620 equivalents?
A: These models match specs exactly (3V, 70mAh, 16×2.0mm):
· Panasonic CR-1620/BN
· VARTA CR1620 (or 6620101501)
· Duracell DL1620, Energizer ECR1620, GP GPCR1620
?? Note: Always verify voltage (3V) and dimensions before purchasing.
Q3: Can I use a CR1616 or CR1632 instead?
A: Proceed with caution:
· CR1616 (16×1.6mm): Thinner; may fit if contacts are spring-loaded. Downside: 30% lower capacity (50mAh).
· CR1632 (16×3.2mm): Same diameter but thicker. Only works if the compartment has >1.2mm extra height. Upside: 120mAh capacity (longer life).
Q4: Is CR2032 compatible with CR1620?
A: No—CR2032 is 20mm wide (vs. CR1620’s 16mm). Forcing it risks:
· Damaging battery contacts
· Short-circuiting
· Device malfunction
Exception: Use only with a spacer/adapter if the compartment allows.
Q5: How long does a CR1620 last?
A: Lifespan depends on:
· Capacity: Standard = 70mAh (premium brands: up to 170mAh).
· Usage:
o Key fobs: 1–3 years
o CMOS backup: 5–10 years
o Active devices (e.g., thermometers): 6–18 months
Tip: Check expiration dates—lithium cells lose 1–2% capacity/year in storage.
Q7: What’s the voltage of CR1620? Can I use 1.5V batteries?
A:
· Voltage: 3.0V (nominal).
· Never use 1.5V batteries (e.g., alkaline LR44)! Low voltage may:
o Cause device failure
o Corrode contacts due to chemistry mismatch.
Q8: How to install CR1620 correctly?
A: Follow polarity markings:
· "+" side up (visible, usually with text/logo) in most compartments.
· "-" side down (smooth metal face).
Warning: Reversing polarity can damage devices!
Q9: Are CR1620 batteries rechargeable?
A: No—CR1620 is primary (non-rechargeable). Attempting to recharge it may cause:
· Leakage
· Overheating
· Explosion
For rechargeable needs, seek Li-ion alternatives (e.g., LIR1620), but confirm voltage compatibility.
Q10: How to store CR1620 batteries?
A: Maximize shelf life with:
· Temperature: 15–25°C (avoid heat/humidity)
· Container: Original packaging or non-conductive case
· Avoid: Metal contact (coins, keys) to prevent short-circuiting.
Shelf life: Up to 10 years when stored properly.
Q11: How to dispose of CR1620 safely?
A:
· Do NOT incinerate or toss in household trash.
· Recycle at designated centers (look for ?? symbol).
· Tape terminals with non-conductive tape before disposal.
Q12: Why does my new CR1620 battery not work?
A: Troubleshoot:
1. Check polarity (+/- orientation).
2. Clean contacts (rubbing alcohol removes corrosion).
3. Test voltage with a multimeter (<2.7V = depleted).
4. Verify compatibility—some devices require exact models (e.g., BIOS chips).
Q13: Are "no-name" CR1620 batteries safe?
A: Risky—uncertified brands may:
· Lack over-discharge protection
· Use inferior electrolytes (leakage risk)
· Have inflated capacity claims
Recommendation: Stick to brands like Panasonic, VARTA, or Energizer.
Q14: Can extreme temperatures damage CR1620?
A: Yes. Operating range: -30°C to 60°C. Beyond this:
· Cold: Voltage drops, reducing efficiency.
· Heat: Accelerates self-discharge; risk of leakage.
Q15: Where to buy authentic CR1620 batteries?
A: Trusted sources:
· Electronics retailers (Best Buy, Microcenter)
· Automotive stores (for key fobs)
· Online: Official brand stores on Amazon/Newegg
Red flags: Prices significantly below market rate or missing expiration dates.
Pro Tip: Renata CR1620 (Swiss-made) includes bitter coating to deter swallowing—ideal for homes with children.
Final Note: When in doubt, consult your device’s manual or manufacturer. Using verified equivalents ensures safety and extends device longevity!
Jun 09, 2025

Round Robin Scheduling Explained: Concepts, Calculations & Applications
Round Robin (RR) scheduling is a fundamental algorithm used in both computer science and sports event planning. Its simplicity, fairness, and deterministic behavior make it one of the most studied and implemented scheduling strategies. In this blog, we’ll explore the concept of Round Robin scheduling in depth, explain how it works, provide calculation methods, and even show how to create your own schedule using Excel.
1. What Is Round Robin Scheduling?
Round Robin scheduling is a method of assigning time slots or turns to entities (processes, players, or tasks) in a cyclic and repeated manner. Each participant is treated equally and given a fixed time slice or opportunity before the turn moves to the next.
In operating systems, it’s a preemptive CPU scheduling algorithm that allocates CPU time to each process in a queue for a set “time quantum” or “time slice,” then cycles to the next.
In sports tournaments, especially leagues and competitions, it ensures each team or player competes with every other participant an equal number of times.
2. How Does Round Robin Scheduling Work?
In CPU Scheduling:
· A process queue is maintained in FIFO (First In, First Out) order.
· Each process is given a time slice (quantum).
· If the process finishes before the time is up, it leaves the queue.
· If not, it goes to the back of the queue and waits for its next turn.
· This continues until all processes are completed.
In Tournaments:
· Every participant plays against all others.
· The number of rounds is n-1 for an even number of participants and n for odd.
· Scheduling ensures fairness and balance across rounds.
3. What Is Round Robin CPU Scheduling Algorithm?
Round Robin is a preemptive scheduling algorithm. Key characteristics:
· Fairness: Each process gets an equal opportunity.
· Preemption: Tasks are interrupted if not completed within the quantum.
· Predictability: Regular time intervals for task execution.
Ideal Use Cases:
· Time-sharing systems
· Interactive systems (where responsiveness matters)
4. Key Terms in Round Robin Scheduling
· Burst Time (BT): Time required by a process for execution.
· Arrival Time (AT): Time when a process enters the queue.
· Completion Time (CT): Time when a process finishes execution.
· Turnaround Time (TAT): TAT = CT - AT
· Waiting Time (WT): WT = TAT - BT
· Response Time (RT): Time from arrival to first execution.
5. How to Calculate Round Robin Scheduling Metrics
Let’s assume:
· 4 processes: P1, P2, P3, P4
· Time Quantum: 4 units
Step-by-Step Metrics Calculation:
A. Completion Time (CT)
Track the time when each process finishes execution during the Gantt chart traversal.
B. Turnaround Time (TAT)
TAT = Completion Time - Arrival Time
C. Waiting Time (WT)
WT = Turnaround Time - Burst Time
D. Response Time (RT)
RT = Time of first CPU allocation - Arrival Time
E. Average Times
Add up individual times and divide by the number of processes:
· Avg TAT = ΣTAT / n
· Avg WT = ΣWT / n
6. How to Draw a Gantt Chart for Round Robin
A Gantt chart visually shows process execution over time:
Example (Quantum = 4):
| P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P1 | P3 | ...
0 4 8 12 16 18 ...
This helps determine when each process was executed, useful for computing CT, RT, etc.
7. How to Solve a Round Robin Scheduling Problem
Steps:
1. List all processes with arrival and burst times.
2. Choose a time quantum.
3. Create a queue and follow the RR algorithm.
4. Use a table or Gantt chart to trace execution.
5. Calculate CT, TAT, WT, RT.
6. Derive averages.
8. How to Create a Round Robin Schedule (Tournament Context)
For n teams:
· Each team plays once per round.
· For even n: use circle method — fix one team and rotate others.
· For odd n: add a dummy "BYE" team to make it even.
Sample 4-Team Schedule (Even):
Round 1: A vs D, B vs CRound 2: A vs C, D vs BRound 3: A vs B, C vs D
9. How to Create a Round Robin Schedule in Excel
Steps:
1. Create a table with team names in both rows and columns.
2. Mark matchups where row ≠ column.
3. Use conditional formatting or macros to automate match distribution by round.
4. For tournament play, hide duplicate pairings (e.g., A vs B and B vs A).
Alternatively, use Excel formulas or VBA scripts to generate schedule rotation logic.
10. FAQs on Round Robin Scheduling
Q1: What is the main disadvantage of Round Robin?
A: If the quantum is too small, context switching overhead becomes high; if too large, it behaves like FCFS.
Q2: What is the best time quantum?
A: It depends on the system—must balance between responsiveness and overhead.
Q3: Can Round Robin handle priorities?
A: Traditional RR ignores priorities; a variant like Priority Round Robin is used when priorities are needed.
Q4: What if all processes have different arrival times?
A: The scheduler waits for process arrival and adjusts the ready queue dynamically.
Conclusion
Round Robin scheduling is versatile, fair, and easy to implement—ideal for multitasking operating systems and tournament design alike. Understanding how it works and how to calculate key metrics helps developers, analysts, and organizers build efficient schedules whether on a CPU or a soccer field.
By learning how to visualize with Gantt charts, compute performance metrics, and automate tournament schedules in Excel, you’re well-equipped to handle any Round Robin scheduling challenge.
Jun 04, 2025

Bourns Launches AEC-Q200 Compliant Automotive-Grade Multilayer Varistor Series
Designed for Enhanced Performance in Automotive Circuits with Compact 1210 and 1812 SMD Packages
Riverside, California – May 13, 2025 – Bourns, Inc., a leading manufacturer and supplier of power, protection, and sensing components, has announced the release of two new automotive-grade multilayer varistor (MLV) product series: the Bourns® BVRA1210 and BVRA1812. These new components meet AEC-Q200 standards and are specifically engineered to meet the stringent requirements of modern automotive electronic systems, offering superior protection against voltage transients and electrical surges.
The BVRA series features low-voltage multilayer varistor technology with advanced energy distribution and optimized power dissipation capabilities, delivering outstanding transient energy absorption performance. These characteristics make them ideal for safeguarding sensitive automotive electronics against damaging surge events.
Engineered in compliance with the IEC 61000-4-5 standard, the BVRA1210 and BVRA1812 provide effective overvoltage protection, helping automotive designers protect critical components from high-energy transient voltage events such as inductive load switching or lightning-induced surges.
Key features of the new BVRA series include:
· Ultra-fast response time of less than 1.0 nanosecond, enabling rapid clamping during surge conditions
· Stable leakage current performance, ensuring consistent overvoltage protection over time
· Wide operating voltage range, covering 11 VDC to 100 VDC, to accommodate diverse automotive applications
· Compact surface-mount packages: EIA 1210 and 1812 footprints allow for high-density PCB layouts
· Insulation coating for enhanced reliability and easier integration in automotive systems
The BVRA1210 and BVRA1812 are fully RoHS compliant and lead-free, aligning with environmental and industry sustainability standards outlined in RoHS Directive 2015/863 (dated March 31, 2015, and its annexes).
The new Bourns® BVRA series is now available through Bourns' authorized distributors worldwide. For detailed product specifications and application guidance, visit the official product page at bourns.com
May 15, 2025

Power Integrations Introduces 1700V Switch ICs for 800V EV Applications
Five New Reference Designs Showcase the Capabilities of InnoSwitch™3-AQ Flyback ICs in Wide-Creepage InSOP™-28G Packages
Nuremberg, Germany – PCIM 2025, May 2025 – Power Integrations (Nasdaq: POWI), a leading innovator in high-voltage integrated circuits for energy-efficient power conversion, today announced five new reference designs tailored for 800V electric vehicle (EV) systems. These designs are based on the company’s 1700V-rated InnoSwitch™3-AQ flyback switcher ICs, optimized for demanding automotive applications such as DC-DC bus conversion, inverter emergency power supplies, battery management systems, and auxiliary power supplies.
All five designs leverage Power Integrations' proprietary InSOP™-28G packaging, engineered for wide creepage distances and enhanced high-voltage safety. This package supports up to 1000VDC on the primary side and provides compliant creepage and clearance distances for Pollution Degree 2 environments, eliminating the need for conformal coating and simplifying system certification and manufacturing.
Enhanced Safety and Integration for Next-Generation EVs
According to Mike Stroka, Product Marketing Engineer at Power Integrations, “The InSOP™-28G package offers a 5.1 mm creepage distance between drain and source pins, aligning with stringent safety and reliability requirements in high-voltage automotive applications. By eliminating the need for conformal coating, manufacturers can streamline production and reduce associated costs and qualification steps.”
Each InnoSwitch3-AQ IC integrates a 1700V silicon carbide (SiC) primary switch, delivering high efficiency and robustness ideal for 800V EV platforms. These ICs help engineers improve system performance and reliability while reducing PCB space and component count.
Overview of New Reference Designs
All designs use InnoSwitch3-AQ constant-voltage/constant-current flyback ICs and are available for download from power.com. The reference designs include:
· RDK-994Q: A 35W ultra-thin isolated power supply suitable for traction inverter gate drivers or emergency power systems. Operates from 40–1000VDC input and outputs 24V.
· RDK-1039Q: An 18W compact design utilizing a planar transformer, ideal for traction inverter gate drivers or backup power.
· RDK-1054Q: A high-power 120W planar transformer design aimed at minimizing or eliminating the need for bulky 12V lead-acid batteries.
· DER-1030Q: A 20W four-output design including a 24.75V emergency power rail and three 25.5V outputs for gate driver circuits.
· DER-1045Q: A 16W four-output design delivering one 14V emergency rail and three gate drive outputs with ±18V/-5V voltages.
Key Features and Performance Advantages
· High Output Power: Up to 120W from a single compact IC.
· High Integration: Reduces BOM count by up to 50%, saving board space and simplifying sourcing.
· Low Start-Up Voltage: Starts from as low as 30V, eliminating the need for external circuitry—a key requirement for functional safety.
· Efficiency: Achieves over 91% efficiency using a DCM/CCM flyback topology with synchronous rectification and valley switching.
· Comprehensive Protection: Includes input undervoltage lockout, output overvoltage protection, overcurrent limiting, and ultra-low no-load power consumption (<15mW).
Availability and Pricing
The 1700V InnoSwitch3-AQ ICs are available now, priced at $6 each in 10,000-unit quantities. Reference design kits range from $50 to $100. Engineers can enter to win a kit at pages.power.com/rev-up. For purchasing or additional technical information, contact Power Integrations’ sales representatives or authorized global distributors such as DigiKey, Newark, Mouser, and RS Components.
May 15, 2025
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